Message Logging

The g_return family of macros (g_return_if_fail(), g_return_val_if_fail(), g_return_if_reached(), g_return_val_if_reached()) should only be used for programming errors, a typical use case is checking for invalid parameters at the beginning of a public function. They should not be used if you just mean “if (error) return”, they should only be used if you mean “if (bug in program) return”. The program behavior is generally considered undefined after one of these checks fails. They are not intended for normal control flow, only to give a perhaps-helpful warning before giving up.

Structured logging output is supported using g_log_structured(). This differs from the traditional g_log() API in that log messages are handled as a collection of key–value pairs representing individual pieces of information, rather than as a single string containing all the information in an arbitrary format.

The convenience macros g_info(), g_message(), g_debug(), g_warning() and g_error() will use the traditional g_log() API unless you define the symbol G_LOG_USE_STRUCTURED before including glib.h. But note that even messages logged through the traditional g_log() API are ultimatively passed to g_log_structured(), so that all log messages end up in same destination. If G_LOG_USE_STRUCTURED is defined, g_test_expect_message() will become ineffective for the wrapper macros g_warning() and friends (see Testing for Messages.)

The support for structured logging was motivated by the following needs (some of which were supported previously; others weren’t):

• Support for multiple logging levels.
• Structured log support with the ability to add MESSAGE_IDs (see g_log_structured()).
• Moving the responsibility for filtering log messages from the program to the log viewer — instead of libraries and programs installing log handlers (with g_log_set_handler()) which filter messages before output, all log messages are outputted, and the log viewer program (such as journalctl) must filter them. This is based on the idea that bugs are sometimes hard to reproduce, so it is better to log everything possible and then use tools to analyse the logs than it is to not be able to reproduce a bug to get additional log data. Code which uses logging in performance-critical sections should compile out the g_log_structured() calls in release builds, and compile them in in debugging builds.
• A single writer function which handles all log messages in a process, from all libraries and program code; rather than multiple log handlers with poorly defined interactions between them. This allows a program to easily change its logging policy by changing the writer function, for example to log to an additional location or to change what logging output fallbacks are used. The log writer functions provided by GLib are exposed publicly so they can be used from programs’ log writers. This allows log writer policy and implementation to be kept separate.
• If a library wants to add standard information to all of its log messages (such as library state) or to redact private data (such as passwords or network credentials), it should use a wrapper function around its g_log_structured() calls or implement that in the single log writer function.
• If a program wants to pass context data from a g_log_structured() call to its log writer function so that, for example, it can use the correct server connection to submit logs to, that user data can be passed as a zero-length GLogField to g_log_structured_array().
• Color output needed to be supported on the terminal, to make reading through logs easier.

Using Structured Logging

To use structured logging (rather than the old-style logging), either use the g_log_structured() and g_log_structured_array() functions; or define G_LOG_USE_STRUCTURED before including any GLib header, and use the g_message(), g_debug(), g_error() (etc.) macros.

You do not need to define G_LOG_USE_STRUCTURED to use g_log_structured(), but it is a good idea to avoid confusion.

Log Domains

Log domains may be used to broadly split up the origins of log messages. Typically, there are one or a few log domains per application or library. G_LOG_DOMAIN should be used to define the default log domain for the current compilation unit — it is typically defined at the top of a source file, or in the preprocessor flags for a group of source files.

Log domains must be unique, and it is recommended that they are the application or library name, optionally followed by a hyphen and a sub-domain name. For example, bloatpad or bloatpad-io.

Debug Message Output

The default log functions (g_log_default_handler() for the old-style API and g_log_writer_default() for the structured API) both drop debug and informational messages by default, unless the log domains of those messages are listed in the G_MESSAGES_DEBUG environment variable (or it is set to all), or DEBUG_INVOCATION=1 is set in the environment.

It is recommended that custom log writer functions re-use the G_MESSAGES_DEBUG and DEBUG_INVOCATION environment variables, rather than inventing a custom one, so that developers can re-use the same debugging techniques and tools across projects. Since GLib 2.68, this can be implemented by dropping messages for which g_log_writer_default_would_drop() returns TRUE.

Testing for Messages

With the old g_log() API, g_test_expect_message() and g_test_assert_expected_messages() could be used in simple cases to check whether some code under test had emitted a given log message. These functions have been deprecated with the structured logging API, for several reasons:

• They relied on an internal queue which was too inflexible for many use cases, where messages might be emitted in several orders, some messages might not be emitted deterministically, or messages might be emitted by unrelated log domains.
• They do not support structured log fields.
• Examining the log output of code is a bad approach to testing it, and while it might be necessary for legacy code which uses g_log(), it should be avoided for new code using g_log_structured().

They will continue to work as before if g_log() is in use (and G_LOG_USE_STRUCTURED is not defined). They will do nothing if used with the structured logging API.

Examining the log output of code is discouraged: libraries should not emit to stderr during defined behaviour, and hence this should not be tested. If the log emissions of a library during undefined behaviour need to be tested, they should be limited to asserting that the library aborts and prints a suitable error message before aborting. This should be done with g_test_trap_assert_stderr().

If it is really necessary to test the structured log messages emitted by a particular piece of code – and the code cannot be restructured to be more suitable to more conventional unit testing – you should write a custom log writer function (see g_log_set_writer_func()) which appends all log messages to a queue. When you want to check the log messages, examine and clear the queue, ignoring irrelevant log messages (for example, from log domains other than the one under test).